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Chemistry · Class 10 · Chapter 10: Acids, Bases and Salts

8 min

Key points

Acids are substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water
Bases are substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved in water
Salt is a compound formed by the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base
pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, where 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic
Indicators are substances that change color in acidic and basic solutions
Strong acids completely ionize in water while weak acids partially ionize
Neutralization reaction: Acid + Base → Salt + Water
Common acids include HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 and common bases include NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2
Salts can be normal, acidic or basic depending on the strength of parent acid and base

Definitions

Acid: An acid is a substance which produces hydrogen ions when dissolved in water
Base: A base is a substance which produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water
Salt: A salt is an ionic compound formed by the neutralization reaction between an acid and a base
pH: pH is a scale used to measure the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution
Neutralization: Neutralization is a chemical reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water

Worked example

Define acid and base according to Arrhenius theory. Write the neutralization reaction between hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Name the salt formed. (6 marks)

According to Arrhenius theory, an acid is a substance which ionizes in water to produce hydrogen ions (H⁺). A base is a substance which ionizes in water to produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻). The neutralization reaction is: HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H₂O. The salt formed is sodium chloride (NaCl).

Common mistakes

Students confuse acids producing H+ ions with bases producing OH- ions
Writing wrong chemical formulas for common acids and bases
Forgetting to balance chemical equations in neutralization reactions
Mixing up pH values - remembering that below 7 is acidic, above 7 is basic
Not writing complete ionic equations when asked for salt preparation

Quick recap

Acids produce H⁺ ions in water, bases produce OH⁻ ions (Arrhenius theory). Acids turn blue litmus red, bases turn red litmus blue. Neutralization: Acid + Base → Salt + Water. Salts can be acidic, basic or neutral depending on their parent acid and base strength.

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